Our recommendations concern the treatment of calcium channel blocker (CCB) poisoning.

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The key questions addressed by the recommendations are:

1. Is there direct evidence that one (or more than one) intervention reduces mortality, improves functional outcomes, reduces hospital length of stay or reduces intensive care unit length of stay?

• Is the way the intervention is administered (dose, bolus vs. infusion vs. both, etc.) influence adherence to treatment or the outcomes?
• What is the benefit of the intervention when compared to no intervention vs. other intervention?
• Is there a combination of strategies that is better than a single intervention?

2. Do a patient’s characteristics influence the intervention(s) provided and the outcomes?

• Does the type of presentation (asymptomatic, symptomatic, refractory to conventional treatment or in cardiac arrest) influence the intervention(s) provided and the outcomes?
• Do coingestions influence the intervention(s) provided and the outcomes?
• Do comorbidities influence the intervention(s) provided and the outcomes?

3. Does one (or more than one) intervention decrease CCB serum concentration, improve hemodynamics, or reduce the duration of vasopressors use?

• Is the way the intervention is administered (dose, bolus vs. infusion vs. both, etc.) influence adherence to treatment or the outcomes?
• What is the benefit of the intervention when compared to no intervention vs. other intervention?
• Is there a combination of strategies that is better than a single intervention?

4. Are the intermediate outcomes reliably associated with reduced mortality, improved functional outcomes, reduced hospital length of stay, or reduced intensive care unit length of stay?

5. Does one (or more than one) intervention(s) result in adverse effects or not be considered cost-effective?

• Would these adverse effects acceptable to patients?
• Would these costs acceptable to society?